Thanks for the update, Jamie.
Please have a look at the file below
https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/share/UX5h0j8C8RMDDDuZWnDZ1F1Q2qUsfFFXHrq9qXTscWR
I have set up the exact same Sphere and dragged just the Selection tag as well as the Random Field to it.
Use the Extrude Inner [M~W], and while the group option is off, as you did before, drag the mouse/pen to get a positive value for the Extrude Inner.
If that works, we have found what is not working. To produce with the shared Sphere the same effect, my first attempt to Extrude inner shows no visible results, but in the Structure Manager, I can see much more Polygons have been produced. If I try again now with the Extrude Inner, it works, but it has around 7,000 polygons more. Something is off.
If I open your scene as I got it, and copy the Sphere and paste it in a new scene, it works from the start.
I can’t see more points, or polygons in your file, than with my reproducing your results.
If I copy your Sphere, use Current State to Object or use any other way to reproduce a copy of it, the results will work fine.
All the best